Microscopic examination of urine sediment after centrifugation shows:
- Normal: few cells
- Red cell cast: hematuria due to glomerular disease
- White cell cast: E.g. during pyelonephritis
- Bacteriuria: UTI, pyelonephritis
Crystals (in acidic urine):
- Calcium oxalate – star like or envelope like or dumbell shaped
- Uric acid crystals - yellow to red brown crystals shapes like rosettes, prisms, or rhomboids.
- Cholesterol crystals - clear, flat, rectangular plates with notched corners – E.g. in nephrotic syndrome and chyluria.
- Cysteine crystals appear colorless refractile hexagons.
- Crystals (in alkaline urine) - Amorphous phosphate - fine, colorless mass like sand
- Calcium carbonate crystals - colorless dumbbells or spheres
- Triple phosphate crystals - colorless prism of 3-6 sides, resembling coffin lids.
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